
\begingroup
\centering
\begin{tabular}{lcccccccc}
   \toprule
    & \multicolumn{4}{c}{\makecell{Patents \\ per 1,000 people \\ (mean = 1.02, sd = 13.31)}} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{\makecell{Breakthrough patents \\ per 1,000 people \\ (mean = 0.1, sd = 2.23)}}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-5}  \cmidrule(lr){6-9}
                                   & (1)           & (2)           & (3)           & (4)           & (5)           & (6)           & (7)           & (8)\\  
   \midrule 
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel A: Least-squares estimates}} &  \multicolumn{7}{c}{}\\ \cmidrule(lr){1-9}
   Surname fractionalization index & 0.296$^{***}$ & 0.279$^{***}$ & 0.285$^{***}$ & 0.450$^{***}$ & 0.017$^{**}$  & 0.014$^{*}$   & 0.014$^{*}$   & 0.010$^{*}$\\   
                                   & (0.058)       & (0.062)       & (0.064)       & (0.103)       & (0.008)       & (0.008)       & (0.008)       & (0.005)\\   
   Population                      &               & 3.882$^{***}$ & 3.902$^{***}$ & 4.012$^{***}$ &               & 0.634$^{***}$ & 0.641$^{***}$ & 0.749$^{***}$\\   
                                   &               & (0.564)       & (0.575)       & (0.654)       &               & (0.102)       & (0.103)       & (0.104)\\   
    \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel B: Reduced-form estimates}} &  \multicolumn{7}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-9}
   Predicted surname fractionalization index & 0.220$^{***}$ & 0.110         & 0.113         & 0.299$^{***}$ & 0.016         & -0.002        & -0.001        & 0.016\\   
                                             & (0.058)       & (0.067)       & (0.069)       & (0.091)       & (0.010)       & (0.011)       & (0.012)       & (0.011)\\   
   Predicted population                      &               & 3.799$^{***}$ & 3.833$^{***}$ & 2.811$^{***}$ &               & 0.613$^{***}$ & 0.621$^{***}$ & 0.425$^{***}$\\   
                                             &               & (0.746)       & (0.764)       & (0.596)       &               & (0.130)       & (0.133)       & (0.091)\\   
\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel C: Instrumental-variable estimates}} &  \multicolumn{7}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-9}
   Surname fractionalization index       & 0.534$^{***}$ & 0.712$^{***}$ & 0.722$^{***}$ & 0.860$^{***}$ & 0.039         & 0.068$^{*}$   & 0.070$^{*}$   & 0.064$^{**}$\\   
                                         & (0.125)       & (0.153)       & (0.159)       & (0.184)       & (0.026)       & (0.036)       & (0.038)       & (0.031)\\   
   Population                            &               & 4.681$^{***}$ & 4.719$^{***}$ & 6.067$^{***}$ &               & 0.765$^{***}$ & 0.775$^{***}$ & 0.955$^{***}$\\   
                                         &               & (0.496)       & (0.503)       & (1.498)       &               & (0.104)       & (0.106)       & (0.233)\\   
\\
   Sanderson-Windmeijer \textit{F}-stat  & 64            & 65; 49        & 62; 47        & 61; 43        & 64            & 65; 49        & 62; 47        & 61; 43\\  
\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel D: First-stage estimates}} &  \multicolumn{7}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-9}
& \multicolumn{4}{c}{Surname fractionalization index} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{Population}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-5}  \cmidrule(lr){6-9}
   Predicted surname fractionalization index & 0.411$^{***}$ & 0.407$^{***}$ & 0.409$^{***}$ & 0.434$^{***}$ &  & -0.038$^{***}$ & -0.039$^{***}$ & -0.012$^{***}$ \\
                                             & (0.052)       & (0.052)       & (0.053)       & (0.060)       &  & (0.012)        & (0.013)        & (0.004)        \\
   Predicted population                      &               & 0.162$^{**}$  & 0.167$^{**}$  & 0.241$^{***}$ &  & 0.787$^{***}$  & 0.787$^{***}$  & 0.429$^{***}$  \\
                                             &               & (0.063)       & (0.063)       & (0.083)       &  & (0.113)        & (0.115)        & (0.102)        \\
    \\
   County-Surname fixed effects    & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   State-Period fixed effects      & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   Surname-Period fixed effects    &               &               & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  &               &               & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   County-specific linear trends         &               &               &               & $\checkmark$  &               &               &               & $\checkmark$\\   
   Observations                    & 19,482,024    & 19,482,024    & 19,482,024    & 19,482,024    & 19,482,024    & 19,482,024    & 19,482,024    & 19,482,024\\  
   \bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\par\endgroup


